{"id":1785,"date":"2023-04-28T10:20:53","date_gmt":"2023-04-28T10:20:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alameda.institute\/?p=1785"},"modified":"2026-02-10T18:23:24","modified_gmt":"2026-02-10T18:23:24","slug":"viii-o-retorno-dos-estados-unidos-a-ucrania-e-a-ordem-internacional-baseada-em-regras","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alameda.institute\/pt\/dossie\/viii-o-retorno-dos-estados-unidos-a-ucrania-e-a-ordem-internacional-baseada-em-regras\/","title":{"rendered":"VIII \/ O retorno dos Estados Unidos: A Ucr\u00e2nia e a \u2018ordem internacional baseada em regras\u2019"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wp-block-post-date has-small-font-size\"><time datetime=\"2023-04-28T10:20:53+00:00\">abril 28, 2023<\/time><\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:26px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\u200bThe United States\u2019 dedication to arming Ukraine in its\u200b \u200battempt to repel the Russian Federation\u2019s invasion presents a puzzle: why, exactly, has the \u200bnation been so committed to this effort?&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To answer this question, I explore how the Biden Administration\u2014above all, Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken\u2014has talked about the US project in Ukraine. By \u200banalysing\u200b Blinken\u2019s rhetoric, we are able to examine how US elites understand the conflict, at least discursively and in public settings, thus providing a first-run attempt at explaining the US \u200b\u200b\u200bdecision\u200b to back the Ukrainian military and rally international support to its cause\u200b. This analysis, in turn, provides important insights into the Biden Administration\u2019s overall foreign policy strategy and goals.\u200b\u200b&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u200b&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\u200b\u200bA d\u200b\u200betailed examination of Blinken\u2019s speeches reveals that the United States remains dedicated to the war in Ukraine primarily because the Biden Administration views it as a means to shore up a weakening American hegemony. In effect, US rhetoric and actions serve to remind U\u200b\u200bS\u200b allies, partners, and even those not formally associated with the United States that US\u200b&nbsp;primacy remains the defining feature of international relations\u200b. \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bIn particular, the Biden Administration appears to believe that support for Ukraine is a primary means to restore the so-called \u200b\u2018\u200brules-based international order\u200b&#8217;, which it came into power insisting was \u200bin crisis.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Donald Trump\u2019s ascension to the presidency in 2017\u200b contributed to a \u200b\u200b\u200bsignificant uptick in chatter in Washington, D\u200bC about the decline of th\u200be \u2018rules-based international\u200b\u200b&nbsp;order\u200b\u2019\u200b.\u200b&nbsp;The \u200bjust-so story\u200b\u200b&nbsp;told by those who \u200bvalorise\u200b such an order \u200bgoes\u200b\u200b as follows: after World War II, the United States, in concert with Western European allies, constructed an international system in which liberal norms of engagement and exchange, and \u200binstitutions like international law and the United Nations, helped end major wars and ensure (relative) geopolitical stability. Though those who promote this tale often admit that mistakes were made in the Cold War and post-Cold War periods\u2014the Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq Wars are usually highlighted as especially egregious errors\u2014they nevertheless claim that, on balance, the rules-based international order \u200bproved a force for good in the world.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Trump\u2019s victory\u200b&nbsp;took the wind out of the sails of this triumphalist narrative. \u200b\u200bThe reality star\u2019s willingness to\u200b openly\u200b critici\u200bs\u200be his forebears&#8217; \u200blaunching\u200b of endless wars; his vulgarity and xenophobia; and his discursive insouciance toward traditional US\u200b ideas about global power and responsibility, generated an almost hysterical panic\u200b among\u200b\u200b defenders of\u200b the liberal order. Trump, it seemed to many, was a harbinger of US\u200b&nbsp;hegemony\u2019s end, or at least its attenuation. These anxieties were also held by U\u200bS\u200b&nbsp;allies, especially in Western Europe, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.prospectmagazine.co.uk\/world\/39741\/trumps-america-may-be-declining-in-global-soft-powerbut-us-empire-rolls-on\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">who likewise \u200b\u200bfretted\u200b about the end of the era of U\u200bS\u200b&nbsp;\u2018leadership.\u2019<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When President Joseph R. Biden assumed office in 2021, his primary foreign\u200b policy goal\u200b was to reinvigorate the rules-based order by persuading allies that the United States was committed to \u200b\u200breinvigorating its\u200b \u200b\u2018\u200bleadership.\u200b\u2019\u200b The war in Ukraine provided Biden, Blinken, and other\u200b key\u200b members of the administration with a\u200b \u200b\u200bseemingly ideal\u200b opportunity to show the world that the United States wasn\u2019t going anywhere. Unsurprisingly, the administration seized this opportunity with aplomb.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u200b\u200b\u200bThe \u200b\u200br\u200b\u200b\u200bule\u200b\u200bs-\u200b\u200b\u200bb\u200b\u200b\u200based \u200b\u200border \u200b\u200bmythology\u200b\u200b&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u200b\u200b<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even before the war in Ukraine began,<strong> <\/strong>Secretary of State Antony Blinken repeatedly claimed that supporting the \u200bdefence\u200b of Ukraine was first and foremost about defending the rules-based international order. On February 22, Blinken\u200b \u200b\u200bmade a\u200bn argument that he would repeat <em>ad infinitum<\/em> \u200bover \u200b\u200b\u200bthe next year. Russia\u2019s war, the secretary declared, presented <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-ukrainian-foreign-minister-dmytro-kuleba-at-a-joint-press-availability-2\/\">\u2018the greatest threat to security in Europe since World War II\u2019<\/a> because Putin was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-ukrainian-foreign-minister-dmytro-kuleba-at-a-joint-press-availability-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u200b\u2018\u200bblatantly and violently breaking the laws and principles that have kept the peace across Europe and around the world for decades\u200b\u2019\u200b<\/a>.\u200b\u200b Blinken affirmed that the invasion threatened not only Europe, but <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-ukrainian-foreign-minister-dmytro-kuleba-at-a-joint-press-availability-2\/\">\u200b\u2018\u200bnations everywhere that have been made safer and more secure by the international rules-based order\u200b\u2019.\u200b<\/a>\u200b\u200b&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\u200bThis rhetoric indicates that for\u200b Blinken, and indeed the Biden Administration, the \u200bdefence\u200b of Ukraine was about far more than\u200b just protecting\u200b one country; it was about, as the secretary declared in early March,&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">principles like the notion that one country can\u2019t simply commit acts of aggression on another, changing its borders by force; that one country can\u2019t dictate to another its choices, its decisions, its policies, with whom it will associate; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-european-commission-president-ursula-von-der-leyen-before-their-meeting-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">principles like one country can\u2019t exert a sphere of influence to subjugate its \u200bneighbours\u200b to its will.<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Blinken warned \u200b\u200bnations around the \u200bglobe that if they \u200bfailed to confront Putin in Ukraine,\u200b they \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200brisked\u200b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-european-commission-president-ursula-von-der-leyen-before-their-meeting-2\/\">\u2018opening a Pandora\u2019s box in every corner of the world for this to happen again and again and again\u200b\u2019.\u200b\u200b\u200b <\/a>\u200b\u200bThis rhetoric transformed \u200bsupport for Ukraine \u200b\u200b\u200binto\u200b support for the global order\u2014and, implicitly, U\u200bS\u200b&nbsp;hegemony\u2014itself.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200bIntriguingly, Blinken rarely discussed why, exactly, the world required US\u200b&nbsp;\u2018leadership\u200b\u2019.\u200b\u200b&nbsp;As far as I can tell, he only did so in the immediate period after the conflict began. According to the secretary, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-roundtable-with-journalists\/\">\u2018one of the principles\u2019<\/a> that the Biden Administration has been<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-roundtable-with-journalists\/\"> \u2018animated by, is that \u2026 when the United States is not leading \u2026 then one of two things\u200b\u2019<\/a>\u200b\u200b \u200b occurs:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Either someone else is [leading] and doing things in a way that may not actually advance the interests of the American people or the values that we hold, or maybe no one is and then you tend to have vacuums and chaos and that usually has a way of coming back and biting us.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\u200bAs presented by Blinken, the nations of the world were faced with a stark choice: either they submit to U\u200bS\u200b&nbsp;hegemony and live in peace, or they accept that, absent the United States, international relations will become far more dangerous and unstable. Vladimir Putin\u2019s invasion of Ukraine, the secretary insisted, was a harbinger of what would happen in a world in which the United States retreated from \u200b\u200bits role as international leader\u200b. Simply put, the choice was between Hobbesian chaos and American imperialism.\u200b\u200b\u200b&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Ukraine and the \u200b\u200br\u200b\u200b\u200beassertion of American \u200b\u200bleadership\u200b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite \u200b\u200b\u200bthe fact\u200b\u200b that\u200b\u200b it was Russia which had trampled on the liberal order\u2019s rules\u200b, for Blinken, the \u200bmain\u200b threat facing the United States, and the world, was China, which \u200bhe claimed\u200b  would<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-virtual-remarks-on-21st-century-diplomacy-and-global-challenges-the-gerald-r-ford-school-of-public-policy-at-the-university-of-michigan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> \u200b\u2018\u200bfil[l] the void\u200b\u2019\u200b <\/a>should the nation surrender its hegemony. From the war\u2019s \u200bonset\u200b, Blinken\u200b frequently \u200b\u200bcritici\u200bs\u200bed China. In early March 2022, the secretary informed CNN\u2019s Jake Tapper that he told Wang Yi, China\u2019s then minister of foreign affairs, that the United States <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-on-cnn-state-of-the-union-with-jake-tapper\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018would\u200b\u200b \u200bexpect China \u2026 to stand up and make its voice heard\u2019 <\/a>by condemning Russia\u2019s aggression\u200b.\u200b\u200b\u200b<strong>\u200b\u200b<\/strong> \u200bJust over a\u200b week later, after China did not condemn Putin\u2019s invasion, Blinken told CNN\u2019s\u200b&nbsp;\u200bWolf Blitzer that \u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-with-wolf-blitzer-of-the-situation-room-on-cnn\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018\u200bthe fact that China has not denounced what Russia is doing in and of itself speaks volumes\u200b\u2019<\/a>\u200b; it was not genuinely committed to the rules-based \u200border and\u200b was, as a result, not genuinely committed to peace.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Beyond\u200b criticising China\u2019s foreign policy\u200b\u200b\u200b, \u200b\u200b\u200bon more than one occasion\u200b\u200b&nbsp;Blinken \u200b\u200battacked\u200b the People\u2019s Republic \u200bon moral grounds\u200b\u200b\u200b. In mid-March, he told NPR\u2019s Steve Inskeep that China was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-with-steve-inskeep-of-nprs-morning-edition\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018already on the wrong side of history when it comes to Ukraine\u2019<\/a>, and in an April talk at the University of Michigan\u200b,\u200b he remarked that condemning Russia was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-virtual-remarks-on-21st-century-diplomacy-and-global-challenges-the-gerald-r-ford-school-of-public-policy-at-the-university-of-michigan\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018not about siding with the United States. It\u2019s about siding with right versus wrong\u200b\u2019.<\/a>\u200b As this indicates, the secretary framed China\u2019s decision not to reproach Russia as an immoral one\u200b \u200b(\u200bThe hypocrisy of an American official who works for a government that supports wildly oppressive regimes from Saudi Arabia to Djibouti castigating a nation for immoral behaviour hardly needs to be pointed out.\u200b)\u200b\u200b&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u200b&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To demonstrate to the world what would happen if a nation \u200bdared to challenge\u200b perceived U\u200bS\u200b\u200b interests, from the war\u2019s start the Biden Administration \u200bintended to make\u200b Russia\u200b \u200bpay an enormous price for its aggression. On the day the invasion began, Blinken informed CBS\u2019s Norah O\u2019Donnell that the administration desired to \u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-on-cbs-evening-news-with-norah-odonnell\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018\u200binflict maximum pain on Russia\u200b\u2019.<\/a>\u200b A little over two months later, Secretary of \u200bDefence\u200b Lloyd Austin declared that the United States hoped \u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-secretary-lloyd-austin-remarks-to-traveling-press\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018\u200bto see Russia weakened to the degree that it can\u2019t do the kinds of things that it has done in invading Ukraine\u200b\u2019<\/a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\u200bBut what did \u200bany of \u200bthis actually mean in practice? \u200bFirst, \u200b the United States made a concerted effort to wean its European allies off Russian energy. Since the war\u2019s beginning, Blinken declared that the nation retained <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-secretary-lloyd-austin-remarks-to-traveling-press\/\">\u200b\u2018\u200ba strong interest \u2026 in degrading Russia\u2019s status as a leading energy supplier\u200b\u2019\u200b\u200b\u200b<\/a> and hoped to \u200benable \u200bEurope\u200b to\u200b \u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-15\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018\u200baccelerate its diversification away from Russian gas\u200b\u2019<\/a>.\u200b \u200b\u200b\u200b&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bThe United States thus encouraged Germany to close the Nord Stream 2 pipeline;\u200b \u200b\u200b\u200bsent significant quantities of liquified natural gas to Europe; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-19\/\">\u200b\u2018\u200bden[ied] critical technologies to Russia for further energy exploration\u200b\u2019;<\/a> and stabili\u200bs\u200bed oil markets by releasing part of its Strategic Petroleum Reserve and increasing its own oil production. \u200bThis\u200b effort \u200bproved\u200b remarkably successful. By late June 2022, the European Union had decided <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-19\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u200b\u2018\u200bto cut Russian oil imports by 90 percent by the end of the year and to ban EU firms from carrying Russian crude [oil]\u200b\u2019<\/a>\u200b and by September the United States was the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-canadian-foreign-minister-melanie-joly-at-a-joint-press-availability\/\">\u2018leading supplier\u2019 <\/a>of liquified natural gas to Europe.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Beyond punishing Russia, the United States hoped to use the war to \u200bconsolidate\u200b Ukraine\u2019s status \u200bas an\u200b American client. In September, Blinken affirmed that the nation was committed to helping Ukrainians develop<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-ukrainian-foreign-minister-dmytro-kuleba-at-a-joint-press-availability-3\/\"> \u2018a strong defensive and deterrence system that makes it less likely in the future that Russia will act aggressively toward Ukraine\u200b\u2019.\u200b\u200b<\/a> This would, of course, take years, which was just fine with Blinken, who had declared in early March that the United States was in the war for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-ukrainian-foreign-minister-dmytro-kuleba-at-a-joint-press-availability-3\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018the short-run, the medium-run, the long-run\u200b\u2019.<\/a>\u200b U.S. support for Ukraine was obviously not only about repelling Russia, but \u200balso about\u200b making the country \u200b\u200beven more\u200b economically and militarily dependent on the United States than it already was.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To justify the United States\u2019\u200b\u200b increasingly hands\u200b\u200b-\u200b\u200b\u200bon role in Ukraine,\u200b \u200b\u200bBlinken repeatedly attempted to place Russia beyond the geopolitical and moral pale. Before the war began, the secretary affirmed in no uncertain terms that Russian actions vis-\u00e0-vis Ukraine had \u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-ukrainian-foreign-minister-dmytro-kuleba-at-a-joint-press-availability-2\/.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018\u200bnever been about Ukraine and NATO [expansion] per se\u200b\u2019.<\/a>\u200b\u200b\u200b<strong>\u200b\u200b<\/strong> This \u200b\u200bidea\u200b, Blinken told Wolf Blitzer, was simply \u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-with-wolf-blitzer-of-the-situation-room-on-cnn\/\">\u2018\u200ba lie\u200b\u2019.\u200b\u200b\u200b<\/a>According to Blinken, NATO was a mere defensive alliance that \u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-15\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018\u200bnever sought and will not seek conflict with Russia\u200b\u2019<\/a>.\u200b\u200b\u200b<strong>\u200b\u200b<\/strong> Putin was thus not reacting to U\u200bS\u200b&nbsp;encroachment on Russia\u2019s southwestern border. Rather, Blinken avowed, the invasion was primarily \u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-19\/\">\u2018\u200babout conquest\u200b\u2019,<\/a>\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b \u200b\u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-21\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u200b[Putin\u2019s] conviction that Ukraine is not a sovereign, independent country\u200b\u2019\u200b<\/a>,\u200b and \u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-ukrainian-foreign-minister-dmytro-kuleba-at-a-joint-press-availability-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018\u200breconstituting the Russian empire or, short of that, a sphere of influence, or, short of that, the total neutrality of countries surrounding Russia\u200b\u2019<\/a>. \u200b\u200b\u200bWhile\u200b there is some truth to Blinken\u2019s claims about Putin\u2019s goals and his intentions on Russia\u2019s western borders, the secretary refused to acknowledge that the Russian president might have had any legitimate concerns about his nation\u2019s security, especially given the repeated Russian experience of being invaded by Western and Central European powers. Strategic empathy, it seems, is not Blinken\u2019s strong suit.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\u200bIn a further effort to depict Russia as a \u200bso-called \u2018rogue \u200b\u200bnation&#8217;\u200b, Blinken \u200b\u200bconsistently referenced\u200b Russia\u2019s\u200b \u200buntrustworthiness and barbarism. In February, he argued that Putin\u2019s \u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-and-ukrainian-foreign-minister-dmytro-kuleba-at-a-joint-press-availability-2\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018\u200bcomplete abdication of Russia\u2019s commitments under the Minsk Agreements is just the latest demonstration of Russia\u2019s hypocrisy when it comes to the agreements that it claims to seek and to uphold\u200b\u2019<\/a>.\u200b\u200b\u200b He also repeatedly brought up past Russian war crimes. \u200bDuring \u200bthe invasion\u200b\u2019s first week\u200b, for instance, Blinken declared that Russia used<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-15\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"> \u2018grisly tactics before in Syria, in Chechnya\u200b\u2019,<\/a>\u200b\u200b&nbsp;and it would likely do so again in Ukraine. \u200b\u200b\u200b&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After the war broke out, Blinken made it a point to underline Russia\u2019s many war crimes, avowing that the United States was documenting these \u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-14\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018\u200bto ensure \u2026 that there\u2019s accountability\u200b\u2019<\/a>\u200b so \u200b\u200b\u200b\u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-press-availability-at-the-meeting-of-nato-foreign-ministers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u200bthat Russia cannot escape the verdict of history\u200b\u2019.<\/a>\u200b Of \u200bcourse, this is not \u200b\u200b\u200bto deny the\u200b terrible human rights abuses committed by Russia in Ukraine\u200b and elsewhere; these are numerous and brutal, and those who perpetrated \u200bthem should\u200b be investigated and put on trial. But it is hardly unique for crimes to be committed in war\u2014the United States and its allies have \u200bcommitted their fair share\u2014and Blinken\u2019s emphasis on human rights primarily served as a means to \u200bexorcise\u200b Russia from the international community\u200b by\u200b\u200b&nbsp;transform\u200bing\u200b it into an outcast\u200b. This exorcism, predictably, also had the benefit of \u200b\u200breinforcing\u200b \u200bthe necessity of U\u200b\u200bS\u200b&nbsp;hegemony.\u200b&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u200b\u200b&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>American \u200b\u200bh\u200b\u200b\u200begemony is \u200b\u200bb\u200b\u200b\u200back\u200b\u200b&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u200b\u200b&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For the United States, the most important effect of the war was that it allowed the nation to reassert \u200band consolidate \u200bits \u2018\u200b\u200b\u200bleadership\u2019 over Europe\u200b. Since the invasion began, NATO, under U\u200bS\u200b&nbsp;direction, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-15\/\">\u200b\u2018\u200bactivated and deployed parts of its response force\u200b\u2019\u200b<\/a>; Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom \u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-15\/\">\u2018\u200bsent troops and aircraft and ships\u2019 <\/a>to NATO\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-15\/\">\u2018eastern flank\u2019<\/a>; every member of NATO&nbsp; \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-15\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">provid[ed] either military or humanitarian aid to Ukraine\u200b&#8217;<\/a>; and the European Union, for the first time \u200bin its history, began<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-15\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u200b \u200b\u2018\u200bfinancing the purchase and delivery of military assistance to a country under attack\u200b\u2019<\/a>. The war in Ukraine \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200breinvigorated the U.S.-Europe relationship by allowing countries to \u200bcommit to a common project. Without a doubt, the response to the invasion was the most important post-Trump reaffirmation of North Atlantic solidarity.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Outside of\u200b Europe, Blinken used the war to encourage other nations to remain in or join the U\u200bS\u200b&nbsp;orbit. When the secretary \u200btrave\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bled\u200b to Algeria in late March, \u200bfor example, he reminded Algerians that nations in the so-called MENA region \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-17\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">have experienced themselves the consequences of Russian military campaigns before \u2013 for example, in Syria and Libya, where Russian military and paramilitary forces exploited conflicts for Moscow\u2019s gain, with deadly consequences for citizens and communities\u200b\u2019<\/a>.\u200b This, Blinken maintained, was happening again, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-17\/\">\u200b\u2018with \u200brising food prices, especially [the price of] wheat\u200b\u2019,<\/a>\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b being the latest instance of Russia negatively \u200b\u200bimpacting\u200b the Muslim world. The only way to avoid such pain in the future, of course, was to line up behind the United States.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a similar vein,\u200b during a visit to India in April,\u200b  \u200bBlinken\u200b&nbsp;praised the nation\u200b (and Russia\u2019s fellow BRICS partner)\u200b for its \u200b\u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-secretary-of-defense-lloyd-austin-indian-minister-of-external-affairs-dr-s-jaishankar-and-indian-minister-of-defense-rajnath-singh-at-a-joint-press-availability\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">very strong statements \u2026 condemning the killing of civilians in Ukraine\u2019\u200b.<\/a>\u200b While Blinken declared that he appreciated that \u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-secretary-of-defense-lloyd-austin-indian-minister-of-external-affairs-dr-s-jaishankar-and-indian-minister-of-defense-rajnath-singh-at-a-joint-press-availability\/\">&#8216;India\u2019s relationship with Russia has developed over decades at a time when the United States was not able to be a partner to India\u200b\u2019\u200b,<\/a>\u200b\u200b&nbsp;he \u200balso \u200baverred that \u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-secretary-of-defense-lloyd-austin-indian-minister-of-external-affairs-dr-s-jaishankar-and-indian-minister-of-defense-rajnath-singh-at-a-joint-press-availability\/\">\u2018\u200btimes have changed\u200b\u2019<\/a>\u200b\u2014the United States was now \u200b<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-secretary-of-defense-lloyd-austin-indian-minister-of-external-affairs-dr-s-jaishankar-and-indian-minister-of-defense-rajnath-singh-at-a-joint-press-availability\/\">\u2018\u200bable and willing to be a partner of choice with India across virtually every realm\u202f\u2013 commerce, technology, education, and security\u200b\u2019.\u200b\u200b\u200b<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Put in cruder terms, U\u200bS\u200b\u200b leadership was back, baby. Better get behind Uncle Sam.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u200b\u200b\u200bThe \u200b\u200bs\u200b\u200b\u200btrategic \u200b\u200bl\u200b\u200b\u200bogic of US \u200b\u200bf\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200boreign \u200b\u200bp\u200b\u200b\u200bolicy \u200b\u200b&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The most significant\u200b example of the United States\u2019 successful effort to get Europe to affirm all of its strategic priorities was the June 2022 NATO <em>Strategic Concept<\/em>.\u200b&nbsp;\u200bThis paper endorsed all of Blinken\u2019s arguments and preferences\u200b:\u200b\u200b I\u200bt insisted that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/strategic-concept\/\">\u2018a strong, independent Ukraine is vital for the stability of the Euro-Atlantic area\u2019;<\/a> claimed that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/strategic-concept\/\">\u2018Moscow\u2019s behaviour reflects a pattern of Russian aggressive actions against its neighbours and the wider transatlantic community\u2019<\/a> that could not be ignored; \u200bwarned that Putin might \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/strategic-concept\/\">attack \u2026 Allies\u2019 sovereignty and territorial integrity\u2019;<\/a> and, in an obvious nod to American rhetoric, avowed that Russia had revealed its desire to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/strategic-concept\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018undermine the rules-based international order\u200b\u2019<\/a>. Strikingly, the <em>Strategic Concept <\/em>further asserted \u200bNATO&#8217;s continued\u200b commitment to an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/strategic-concept\/\">\u2018Open Door policy\u2019,<\/a> avowing that NATO members remained dedicated to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/strategic-concept\/\">\u2018the decision we took at the 2008 Bucharest Summit and all subsequent decisions with respect to Georgia and Ukraine\u200b\u2019.<\/a>\u200b\u200b NATO expansion, \u200b\u200ba significant cause of the war, was thus rearticulated with relish.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Even more tellingly, the <em>Strategic <\/em>\u200b<em>Concept <\/em>\u200balso\u200b<em> <\/em>\u200bexpressed a deep hostility toward China. For the first time in its history, NATO declared that China\u2019s \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-romania\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">stated ambitions and coercive policies challenge our interests, security and values\u200b\u2019.<\/a>\u200b China, the report maintained, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/strategic-concept\/\">\u2018employs a broad range of political, economic and military tools to increase its global footprint and project power\u2019\u200b<\/a>; uses<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/strategic-concept\/\">\u200b \u2018confrontational rhetoric and disinformation [to] target Allies and harm Alliance security\u2019<\/a>; and \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/strategic-concept\/\">seeks to control key technological and industrial sectors, critical infrastructure, and strategic materials and supply chains\u200b\u2019.\u200b\u200b<\/a> As such, it was clear to NATO members that China <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nato.int\/strategic-concept\/\">\u2018strives to subvert the rules-based international order\u200b\u2019.\u200b\u200b<strong>\u200b<\/strong><\/a> What this document represented was nothing less than\u200b NATO\u2019s endorsement of the United States\u2019 effort to prevent China from challenging its hegemony. Europe, it seemed, was just fine being the United States\u2019 lackey.&nbsp;;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <em>Strategic Concept <\/em>\u200b\u200bseems to have\u200b<em> <\/em>\u200bsignificantly emboldened Blinken\u200b. \u200bAfter its release, the secretary adopted a more aggressive attitude toward China\u2019s behaviour with regards Ukraine, declaring \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-21\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">that it\u2019s pretty hard to be neutral when it comes to this aggression\u2019<\/a>:&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">There is a clear aggressor.\u202f There is a clear victim.\u202f There is a clear challenge not only to the lives and livelihoods of people in Ukraine, but there is a challenge to the international order that China and the United States as permanent members of the Security Council are supposed to uphold<strong>.<\/strong>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Blinken, China\u2019s support of Russia in the United Nations, combined with the fact that it had <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-21\/\">\u2018amplified Russian propaganda\u2019 <\/a>and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-21\/\">\u2018announce[d] the \u2018no limits partnership\u2019 with President Putin\u200b\u2019,<\/a>\u200b\u200b \u200b\u200bdemonstrated\u200b\u200b that the People\u2019s Republic was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/secretary-antony-j-blinken-at-a-press-availability-21\/\">\u2018shirking its responsibility\u2019<\/a> to defend global peace.\u200b&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Put another way, the nations of the world could only rely on one country: the United States.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In October 2022, the Biden Administration released its <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf\">National Security Strategy<\/a><\/em>. In effect, the NSS codified the arguments that Blinken had been making since the war\u2019s outbreak. It maintained that the United States was \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf\">in the midst of a strategic competition to shape the future of the international order\u200b\u2019<\/a>;\u200b \u200b proclaimed that \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf\">the need for American leadership is as great as it has ever been\u2019<\/a>; insisted that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf\">\u2018Russia poses an immediate threat to the free and open international system&#8217;<\/a>; and affirmed that the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf\">\u2018most consequential geopolitical challenge\u2019 <\/a>came from China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The NSS also emphasi\u200bs\u200b\u200bed the importance of the U\u200bS\u200b-Europe relationship. Europe, the report declared, was \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf\">our foundational partner\u200b\u2019,<\/a>\u200b\u200b and as such the United States was devoted to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf\">\u2018broadening and deepening the transatlantic bond\u2014strengthening NATO, raising the level of ambition in the U\u200bS\u200b\u200b-EU relationship, and standing with our European allies and partners in defence of the rules-based system that underpins our security, prosperity, and values\u200b\u2019.\u200b\u200b<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When it came to Ukraine\u200b, the NSS unsurprisingly adopted a\u200bn\u200b\u200b aggressive tone, insisting that the United States would not only support Ukraine in the war, but <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf\">\u2018will encourage its regional integration with the European Union\u2019\u200b.\u200b <\/a>Beyond Ukraine, the report announced that the United States would also <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf\">\u2018support the European aspirations of Georgia and Moldova\u200b\u2019.\u200b\u200b<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All told, the NSS revealed that the United States\u2019 primary goal was <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf\">\u2018to prevent competitors from altering the status quo\u200b\u2019.\u200b\u200b<\/a>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u200b\u200bBut, ironically, the report itself demonstrated \u200bthat if any nation wanted to transform \u200b\u200bthe status quo, it was the United States.\u200bSpecifically, the NSS avowed that the Biden Administration intended to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf\">\u2018place a premium on growing the connective tissue \u2026 between our democratic allies and partners in the Indo-Pacific and Europe\u200b\u2019<\/a>.\u200b\u200b In this way, the Biden Administration announced its desire to construct a genuinely integrated global structure that would enable it to combat Russia and, more importantly, China, thus ensuring U.S. hegemony in the coming decades.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the more unexpected consequences\u200b of the war is that it appears to have engendered a shift in the Biden Administration\u2019s rhetoric concerning the \u200bsupposed Manichean\u200b struggle between democracy and authoritarianism. Biden, Blinken, and the rest of the administration\u2019s foreign policy team entered office claiming they were committed to shoring up democracy in its international fight against autocracy. In fact, in Biden\u2019s first speech about the Ukraine war, he explicitly framed U\u200bS\u200b&nbsp;support for Ukraine in the context of this struggle. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing-room\/speeches-remarks\/2022\/03\/26\/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-united-efforts-of-the-free-world-to-support-the-people-of-ukraine\/\">\u2018Today\u2019s fighting in Kyiv and Mariupol and Kharkiv\u200b\u2019,\u200b\u200b <\/a> &nbsp;the president averred, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing-room\/speeches-remarks\/2022\/03\/26\/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-united-efforts-of-the-free-world-to-support-the-people-of-ukraine\/\">&#8216;are the latest battle\u200b (sic) in a long struggle\u2019<\/a> between Western democracy and Russian authoritarianism that previously encompassed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing-room\/speeches-remarks\/2022\/03\/26\/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-united-efforts-of-the-free-world-to-support-the-people-of-ukraine\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u2018Hungary, 1956; Poland, 1956 then again 1981; [and] Czechoslovakia, 1968\u200b\u2019<\/a>. \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bIn other words, the United States\u2019 support for Ukraine was a continuation of its Cold War struggle against Soviet tyranny. \u200b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nonetheless, in September 2022, the president gave a speech before the UN in which he softened his \u2018democracy versus autocracy\u2019 framing\u200b\u200b. In this speech, Biden noted that \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing-room\/speeches-remarks\/2022\/09\/21\/remarks-by-president-biden-before-the-77th-session-of-the-united-nations-general-assembly\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the United Nations Charter was not only signed by democracies of the world, it was negotiated among citizens of dozens of nations with vastly different histories and ideologies, united in their commitment to work for peace\u200b\u2019<\/a>. He continued:&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">To stand against global politics of fear and coercion; to defend the sovereign rights of smaller nations as equal to those of larger ones; to embrace basic principles like freedom of navigation, respect for international law, and arms control \u2014 no matter what else we may disagree on, that is the common ground upon which we must stand.\u202fIf you\u2019re still committed to a strong foundation for the good of every nation around the world, then the United States wants to work with you.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Beyond this \u200bspeech, the administration\u2019s <em>National Security Strategy<\/em> declared that the United States <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf\">\u2018will partner with any nation that shares our basic belief that the rules-based order must remain the foundation for global peace and prosperity\u200b\u2019.\u200b\u200b<\/a> In short, the war in Ukraine helped the Biden Administration identify its primary goal: to retain, and perhaps\u200b even\u200b \u200b\u200b\u200bexpand\u200b\u200b\u200b, U\u200bS\u200b&nbsp;hegemony, regardless of who it needed to ally with to do so.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Biden Administration\u2019s efforts have been \u200brather\u200b successful in shoring up U\u200b\u200bS\u200b&nbsp;\u2018leadership\u2019, especially in Europe. In January 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefing-room\/speeches-remarks\/2023\/01\/25\/remarks-by-president-biden-on-continued-support-for-ukraine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Biden elucidated<\/a> the many ways in which European countries had aided the war effort:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">The UK \u2014 the United Kingdom \u2014 recently announced that it is donating Challenger 2 tanks to Ukraine. France is contributing AMX-10s, armoured fighting vehicles. In addition to the Leopard tanks \u2026 Germany is also sending a \u2026 Patriot missile battery. The Netherlands is donating a Patriot missile and launchers. France, Canada, the UK, Slovakia, Norway, and others have all donated critical air defence systems to help secure Ukrainian skies and save the lives of innocent civilians who are literally \u2026 the target of Russia\u2019s aggression. Poland is sending armoured vehicles. Sweden is donating infantry fighting vehicles. Italy is giving artillery. Denmark and Estonia are sending howitzers. Latvia is providing more Stinger missiles. Lithuania is providing anti-aircraft guns. And Finland recently announced its largest package of security assistance to date.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The United States and Europe are\u200b now\u200b united in a way they have not been in years.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Simply put, the war in Ukraine has\u200b&nbsp;so far proved a remarkably\u200b effective means for the United States to rearticulate the reasons for its primacy and to encourage allies and partners to line up behind its goals. Ironically given Putin\u2019s desire to challenge U\u200bS\u200b&nbsp;hegemony, the major consequence of Russia\u2019s invasion of Ukraine has been the reaffirmation of both American power \u200band the transatlantic alliance. From this perspective, the war has been a strategic disaster for Russia and has done little but weaken Putin\u2019s position.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u200b\u200bThe United States\u2019 dedication to arming Ukraine in its\u200b \u200battempt to repel the Russian Federation\u2019s invasion presents a puzzle: why, exactly, has the \u200bnation been so committed to this effort?&nbsp;&nbsp; To answer this question, I explore how the Biden Administration\u2014above all, Secretary of State Antony J. Blinken\u2014has talked about the US project in Ukraine. By [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"author-name":"Daniel Bessner","choose-language":"EN","wds_primary_category":8,"wds_primary_alameda-themes":0,"wds_primary_projects":0,"wds_primary_dynamic-publications-cat":0,"wds_primary_type-tax":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[24,22,23],"alameda-themes":[],"projects":[],"dynamic-publications-cat":[65],"type-tax":[56],"class_list":["post-1785","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-dossier","tag-dossier","tag-en","tag-ukraine","dynamic-publications-cat-ukraine-dossier","type-tax-geopolitics"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/alameda.institute\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1785","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/alameda.institute\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/alameda.institute\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alameda.institute\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alameda.institute\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1785"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/alameda.institute\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1785\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/alameda.institute\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1785"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alameda.institute\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1785"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alameda.institute\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1785"},{"taxonomy":"alameda-themes","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alameda.institute\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/alameda-themes?post=1785"},{"taxonomy":"projects","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alameda.institute\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/projects?post=1785"},{"taxonomy":"dynamic-publications-cat","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alameda.institute\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/dynamic-publications-cat?post=1785"},{"taxonomy":"type-tax","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/alameda.institute\/pt\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/type-tax?post=1785"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}